{"id":655,"date":"2022-08-16T16:13:02","date_gmt":"2022-08-16T14:13:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/razvedka.info\/sk\/2022-08-nemusite-volat-vsetko-za-sebou-ipso\/"},"modified":"2022-08-16T16:13:02","modified_gmt":"2022-08-16T14:13:02","slug":"nemusite-volat-vsetko-za-sebou-ipso","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/2022-08-nemusite-volat-vsetko-za-sebou-ipso\/","title":{"rendered":"„Nemus\u00edte vola\u0165 v\u0161etko za sebou IPSO“"},"content":{"rendered":"

Od za\u010diatku rozsiahlej ruskej inv\u00e1zie na Ukrajinu je v medi\u00e1lnom priestore \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie vidie\u0165 skratku IPSO, ktor\u00e1 ozna\u010duje manipulat\u00edvne a falo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy. IPSO s\u00fa informa\u010dno-psychologick\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie zameran\u00e9 na <\/span>ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 em\u00f3cie a spr\u00e1vanie \u013eud\u00ed, ako aj formova\u0165 spr\u00e1vanie \u00faradov, organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, skup\u00edn at\u010f. IPSO sa od dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed odli\u0161uje svojou podstatou, ale podobn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delom.<\/p>\n

Medi\u00e1lny expert Dmytro Zolotukhin n\u00e1m v rozhovore povedal, pre\u010do be\u017en\u00ed Ukrajinci nemusia vedie\u0165, \u010do je IPSO, ale musia vedie\u0165 rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 pravdu od falo\u0161nosti a pre\u010do Ukrajina potrebuje regulova\u0165 vl\u00e1dnu komunik\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

\u010co je IPSO a pre\u010do je ho teraz v medi\u00e1lnom priestore tak ve\u013ea?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Be\u017en\u00fd \u010dlovek sa nemus\u00ed zam\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 nad t\u00fdm, \u010do je IPSO a \u010d\u00edm sa zajed\u00e1. Ukrajinsk\u00e1 lek\u00e1rska komunita si pod\u013ea m\u0148a zvolila nespr\u00e1vnu strat\u00e9giu \u2013 sedem rokov u\u010di\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed, \u010do s\u00fa dezinform\u00e1cie, a potom zrazu prepn\u00fa\u0165 a za\u010da\u0165 vysvet\u013eova\u0165, \u010do je IPSO. To nie je spr\u00e1vne a dokonca \u0161kodliv\u00e9 pre rozvoj ukrajinskej spolo\u010dnosti, medi\u00e1lnej gramotnosti a kritick\u00e9ho myslenia. Pr\u00e1ve sme videli nejak\u00fd sladk\u00fd cukr\u00edk a v\u0161etci sa ho sna\u017e\u00edme vysa\u0165.<\/p>\n

IPSO je vysoko \u0161pecializovan\u00e1 odborn\u00e1 \u010dinnos\u0165 osobitne ur\u010den\u00e9ho po\u010dtu os\u00f4b, ktor\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou sl\u00fa\u017eia na Hlavnom riadite\u013estve spravodajstva (GUR), Ministerstve obrany, Gener\u00e1lnom \u0161t\u00e1be a in\u00fdch \u0161peci\u00e1lnych slu\u017eb\u00e1ch. T\u00e1to a \u010fal\u0161ie defin\u00edcie sa tam \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa, napr\u00edklad \u201e\u0161peci\u00e1lne informa\u010dn\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie (SIO), \u201e\u0161peci\u00e1lne dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 akcie\u201c, \u201eklamanie\u201c at\u010f.<\/p>\n

Takmer v\u0161etky tieto defin\u00edcie obsahuj\u00fa slovo \u201eprev\u00e1dzka\u201c, teda s\u00fabor \u010dinnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa za\u010diatok a koniec, ur\u010dit\u00e9 obmedzenie v \u010dase, zdrojoch, \u013eu\u010foch, \u00faspechoch. Ak porovn\u00e1me IPSO s pojmom dezinform\u00e1cia, tak fejk nem\u00e1 za\u010diatok ani koniec, nie je jasn\u00e9, kto ho vytv\u00e1ra a \u0161\u00edri. A je to e\u0161te hor\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

Priemern\u00fd Ukrajinec v\u0161ak na to, aby pochopil, \u017ee sa mu klame, nemus\u00ed vedie\u0165, ako sa tomu hovor\u00ed, IPSO alebo dezinform\u00e1cia. Ke\u010f pozer\u00e1me telev\u00edziu, nemus\u00edme vedie\u0165, ako funguje videokamera oper\u00e1tora. Preto pros\u00edm nepou\u017e\u00edvajte tento v\u00fdraz tam, kde je to potrebn\u00e9 a kde to nie je potrebn\u00e9. \u0160irokej verejnosti to nevysvetl\u00ed, \u010do sa deje, iba zm\u00e4tie.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4\u017eete uvies\u0165 pr\u00edklady tak\u00fdchto psychologick\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Op\u00e4\u0165 mus\u00edme pomenova\u0165 pr\u00edklady manipul\u00e1cie, nie pod\u013ea toho, ako ich naz\u00fdva veda, ale preto, aby \u013eudia pochopili, \u017ee ide o manipul\u00e1ciu a nenaleteli jej.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edkladom je humbuk na za\u010diatku vojny, ktor\u00fd sa rozvinul okolo ozna\u010dovania ciest a budov. Potom boli vyzvan\u00ed v\u0161etci zainteresovan\u00ed ob\u010dania, aby ich natreli. Nepodarilo sa mi zisti\u0165 p\u00f4vod tohto javu a nem\u00e1m \u017eiadny d\u00f4kaz, \u017ee to bolo uroben\u00e9 z\u00e1merne. Vy\u0161etrovatelia v\u0161ak vtedy uviedli, \u017ee ide o tak\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne zariadenia, ktor\u00e9 \u00fadajne pom\u00e1haj\u00fa nav\u00e1dza\u0165 rakety cez satelity.<\/p>\n

Z fotografie t\u00fdchto zna\u010diek m\u00f4\u017eete pochopi\u0165, \u017ee boli nanesen\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lnou reflexnou farbou, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva pri geodetickom prieskume. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ide v\u00fdlu\u010dne o vysoko \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 veci a nemaj\u00fa priamy vz\u0165ah k vojensk\u00fdm oper\u00e1ci\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Ale potom sa ich v\u0161etci za\u010dali b\u00e1\u0165. Jednou z hypot\u00e9z, pre\u010do sa to v\u0161etko urobilo, mohlo by\u0165, \u017ee sa takto niekto pok\u00fasil vyvola\u0165 paniku v ukrajinskej spolo\u010dnosti, vystra\u0161i\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed, d\u00e1va\u0165 pozor na v\u0161etko, ma\u0165 nervy na uzde – strhn\u00fa\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo \u013eud\u00ed do nepr\u00edjemnej psychickej situ\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

Potom \u013eudia za\u010dn\u00fa robi\u0165 chyby a daj\u00fa sa \u013eahko kontrolova\u0165. A na odhalenie tak\u00fdchto manipul\u00e1ci\u00ed op\u00e4\u0165 nepotrebujeme pozna\u0165 vedeck\u00e9 term\u00edny.<\/p>\n

Namiesto toho si mus\u00edte polo\u017ei\u0165 ot\u00e1zku, pre\u010do sa c\u00edtim tak, ako sa c\u00edtim, pre\u010do to chcem zverejni\u0165, pre\u010do mi to hovoria, \u010do odo m\u0148a tieto m\u00e9di\u00e1 chc\u00fa, je to v\u00fdzva na akciu, je to nan\u00faten\u00e9? moja vlastn\u00e1 v\u00f4\u013ea? urobi\u0165 to Ak s\u00e1m, tak z ak\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov. V\u0161etky tieto ot\u00e1zky na n\u00e1s sam\u00fdch n\u00e1s ochr\u00e1nia pred manipul\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n

Tieto ot\u00e1zky si m\u00f4\u017eeme kl\u00e1s\u0165, ale ako pracova\u0165 s pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi, najm\u00e4 star\u0161ou gener\u00e1ciou? Ako im vysvetli\u0165, \u017ee napr\u00edklad hr\u00f4zostra\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy na soci\u00e1lnych sie\u0165ach m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00e9?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je potrebn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 argumenty a em\u00f3cie. Za\u017eil som situ\u00e1cie, ke\u010f bolo potrebn\u00e9 presved\u010di\u0165 star\u0161\u00edch \u013eud\u00ed, aby sa evakuovali zo z\u00f3ny akt\u00edvneho nepriate\u013estva. Odmietli. Aby som sa presved\u010dil, mus\u00edm si spomen\u00fa\u0165 na \u0161peci\u00e1lne predn\u00e1\u0161ky, ktor\u00e9 som absolvoval na SBU, kde okrem in\u00e9ho i\u0161lo o to, ako presved\u010di\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed a motivova\u0165 ich, aby konali.<\/p>\n

Ale, bohu\u017eia\u013e, ak je \u010dlovek presved\u010den\u00fd o svojej spr\u00e1vnosti, potom in\u00fd \u010dlovek, ktor\u00fd nem\u00e1 \u0161peci\u00e1lne prostriedky na presvied\u010danie, s t\u00fdm ni\u010d neurob\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ako potom bojova\u0165 s dezinform\u00e1ciami, ak nedok\u00e1\u017eeme o nie\u010dom presved\u010di\u0165 ani na\u0161ich pr\u00edbuzn\u00fdch?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nie je potrebn\u00e9 bojova\u0165 proti dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m na \u0161t\u00e1tnej \u00farovni, je potrebn\u00e9 nastavi\u0165 rozsiahly a systematick\u00fd mechanizmus komunik\u00e1cie vl\u00e1dy, ktor\u00fd by bol v porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi zdrojmi inform\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010do najpresved\u010divej\u0161\u00ed a konkurencieschopn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ak \u010dlovek dostane na chate Viber spr\u00e1vu, \u017ee dnes bude bombardovan\u00fd, tak by mal dosta\u0165 od\u00f4vodnen\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu napr\u00edklad od vrchn\u00e9ho velite\u013ea z in\u00e9ho zdroja. Potom bude ma\u0165 osoba dva relevantn\u00e9 zdroje a bude si m\u00f4c\u0165 vybra\u0165. Ak si vyberie inform\u00e1cie od hlavn\u00e9ho velite\u013ea, je to u\u017e v\u00ed\u0165azstvo.<\/p>\n

Teraz pod\u013ea m\u0148a hlavn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010denstvo v ukrajinskej spolo\u010dnosti spo\u010d\u00edva v informa\u010dnej depriv\u00e1cii \u2013 absencii zdrojov inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 nes\u00fa alternat\u00edvne posolstv\u00e1. Na jednej strane je to najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie nebezpe\u010denstvo \u0161t\u00e1tnej propagandy v podmienkach nedemokratick\u00fdch procesov, na druhej strane v demokratick\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch je to zdrav\u00fd medi\u00e1lny priestor.<\/p>\n

Teraz je to tak na okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazemiach. Napr\u00edklad na za\u010diatku vojny obyvate\u013eom Mariupolu povedali okupanti, \u017ee Ukrajina u\u017e neexistuje a Kyjev je pod ruskou kontrolou. Ide aj o ur\u010dit\u00fa psychologick\u00fa oper\u00e1ciu, preto\u017ee t\u00edto \u013eudia nemali pr\u00edstup k alternat\u00edvnym inform\u00e1ci\u00e1m, preto\u017ee ukrajinsk\u00e1 telev\u00edzia bola vypnut\u00e1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stalo sa to preto, lebo \u013eudia boli zahnan\u00ed do situ\u00e1cie nedostatku inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Naozaj nemali in\u00e9 zdroje ako tie, ktor\u00e9 im poskytli okupanti. To mo\u017eno pova\u017eova\u0165 za vojnov\u00fd zlo\u010din a zdokumentova\u0165.<\/p>\n

Pod\u013ea medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch noriem m\u00e1 \u010dlovek pr\u00e1vo na nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 a objekt\u00edvne inform\u00e1cie, a preto je potrebn\u00e9 psychick\u00e9 vplyvy pova\u017eova\u0165 za vojnov\u00fd zlo\u010din, preto\u017ee \u013eu\u010fom \u0161kodia.<\/p>\n

O t\u00fdchto zlo\u010dinoch by sa nemalo len hovori\u0165 v m\u00e9di\u00e1ch, ale legislat\u00edva by mala by\u0165 vypracovan\u00e1 tak, aby sa tieto zlo\u010diny dali zdokumentova\u0165 a p\u00e1chatelia potrestan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V ukrajinskom trestnom z\u00e1kone je \u010dl\u00e1nok, ktor\u00fd stanovuje zodpovednos\u0165 za nepravdiv\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy o \u0165a\u017ebe m\u00edn [\u0441\u0442. 259]. Potrestan\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 aj t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed \u0161\u00edria zn\u00e1me nepravdiv\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie ohrozuj\u00face bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 ob\u010danov.<\/p>\n

Ako na tak\u00e9to opomenutia reaguj\u00fa ukrajinsk\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eia\u013e, mnoh\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 sa st\u00e1le venuj\u00fa humbuku a \u0161\u00edria tak\u00e9to manipulat\u00edvne spr\u00e1vy. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00edklad je jeden z posledn\u00fdch spr\u00e1vy<\/a> o \u00fadajn\u00fdch v\u00fdzvach rusk\u00e9ho gener\u00e1la vyhodi\u0165 do vzduchu jadrov\u00fa elektr\u00e1re\u0148 Z\u00e1porizhzhya. A m\u00e9di\u00e1 to \u0161\u00edria bez toho, aby sa zamysleli nad t\u00fdm, ako by t\u00e1to spr\u00e1va mohla ovplyvni\u0165 ob\u010danov.<\/p>\n

\u017dia\u013e, v ukrajinskom medi\u00e1lnom priestore neexistuje kateg\u00f3ria autocenz\u00fary. Sloboda slova spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee najm\u00e4 v \u010dase vojny sa mus\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd novin\u00e1r s\u00e1m rozhodn\u00fa\u0165, \u010di nie\u010do zverejn\u00ed alebo nie. Mus\u00ed predv\u00edda\u0165, \u010di tieto inform\u00e1cie negat\u00edvne ovplyvnia jeho publikum.<\/p>\n

Materi\u00e1l vznikol s pomocou mimovl\u00e1dnej organiz\u00e1cie \u201e\u013dvovsk\u00e9 medi\u00e1lne f\u00f3rum\u201c v r\u00e1mci projektu \u201eLMF Support Network of Journalists\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od za\u010diatku rozsiahlej ruskej inv\u00e1zie na Ukrajinu je v medi\u00e1lnom priestore \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie vidie\u0165 skratku IPSO, ktor\u00e1 ozna\u010duje manipulat\u00edvne a falo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy. IPSO s\u00fa informa\u010dno-psychologick\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie zameran\u00e9 na ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 em\u00f3cie a spr\u00e1vanie \u013eud\u00ed, ako aj formova\u0165 spr\u00e1vanie \u00faradov, organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, skup\u00edn at\u010f. IPSO sa od dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed odli\u0161uje svojou podstatou, ale podobn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delom. Medi\u00e1lny expert Dmytro Zolotukhin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":656,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[150,346,21,89,6,347],"class_list":["post-655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vojna-v-ukrajine","tag-dezinformacie","tag-dmytro-zolotukhin","tag-hlavne-spravy","tag-propaganda","tag-rusko-ukrajinska-vojna","tag-socialne-siete"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=655"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ruwar.org\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}